Revisiting the Marshmallow Test: A Conceptual Replication Investigating Links Between Early Delay of Gratification and Later Outcomes

Larger, more diverse conceptual replication of the marshmallow test. An extra minute of delay at age 4 predicted only ~0.1 SD higher achievement at age 15, and the association largely vanished after controlling for family background and early cognitive ability. Reframes delay as a marker of context, not destiny.