The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: a systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the Triple P system (101 studies; ~16,099 families). Short-term effects were small-to-moderate: child social/emotional/ behavioral outcomes d=0.47, parenting practices d=0.58, parenting confidence d=0.52. Effects were maintained at long-term follow-up. Larger problems benefited more; note some studies were program-developer affiliated.